Echocardiogram
It’s a type of ultrasound scan, which means a small probe is used to send out high-frequency sound waves that create echoes when they bounce off different parts of the body.
These echoes are picked up by the probe and turned into a moving image on a monitor while the scan is carried out.
An echocardiogram may be requested by a heart specialist (cardiologist) or any doctor who thinks you might have a problem with your heart, including your GP.
The test will usually be carried out at a hospital or clinic by a cardiologist, cardiac physiologist, or a trained technician called a sonographer.
Although it has a similar name, an echocardiogram is not the same as an electrocardiogram (ECG), which is a test used to check your heart’s rhythm and electrical activity.
When an echocardiogram is used
An echocardiogram can help diagnose and monitor certain heart conditions by checking the structure of the heart and surrounding blood vessels, analysing how blood flows through them, and assessing the pumping chambers of the heart.
An echocardiogram can help detect:
- damage from a heart attack – where the supply of blood to the heart was suddenly blocked
- heart failure – where the heart fails to pump enough blood around the body at the right pressure
- congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal workings of the heart
- problems with the heart valves – problems affecting the valves that control the flow of blood within the heart
- cardiomyopathy – where the heart walls become thickened or enlarged
- endocarditis – an infection in the lining of the heart which damages the heart valves
An echocardiogram can also help your doctors decide on the best treatment for these conditions.
How an echocardiogram is carried out
There are several different ways an echocardiogram can be carried out, but most people will have a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). This procedure is outlined on this page.
You won’t usually need to do anything to prepare for the test, unless you’re having a transoesophageal echocardiogram.
Transthoracic echocardiogram
For a TTE, you’ll be asked to remove any clothing covering your upper half before lying down on a bed. You may be offered a hospital gown to cover yourself during the test.
When you’re lying down, several small sticky sensors called electrodes will be attached to your chest. These will be connected to a machine that monitors your heart rhythm during the test.
A lubricating gel will be applied to your chest or directly to the ultrasound probe. You’ll be asked to lie on your left side and the probe will be moved across your chest.
The probe is attached by a cable to a nearby machine that will display and record the images produced.
You will not hear the sound waves produced by the probe, but you may hear a swishing noise during the scan. This is normal and is just the sound of the blood flow through your heart being picked up by the probe.
The whole procedure will usually take between 15 and 60 minutes, and you’ll normally be able to go home shortly afterwards.
Video: your guide to an echocardiogram (echo)
This video explains what to expect when having an echocardiogram.
Media last reviewed: 1 April 2021
Media review due: 1 April 2024
Other types of echocardiogram
There are also several other types of echocardiogram that can be carried out:
- a transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) – where a small probe is passed down the throat into your food pipe (oesophagus) and sometimes into your stomach (your throat will be numbed with local anaesthetic spray and you’ll be given a sedative to help you relax); you may need to avoid eating for several hours before this test
- a stress echocardiogram – a TTE, but carried out during or just after a period of exercise on a treadmill or exercise bike, or after being given an injection of a medication that makes your heart work harder
- a contrast echocardiogram – where a harmless substance called a contrast agent is injected into your bloodstream before an echocardiogram is carried out; this substance shows up clearly on the scan and can help create a better image of your heart
The type of echocardiogram you will have depends on the heart condition being assessed and how detailed the images need to be.
For example, a stress echocardiogram may be recommended if your heart problem is triggered by physical activity, while the more detailed images produced by a TOE may be more useful in helping plan heart surgery.
Video: transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE)
In this video, an expert explains what to expect if you’re having a transoesophageal echocardiogram.
Media last reviewed: 1 February 2021
Media review due: 1 February 2024
Getting your results
In some cases, it may be possible for the person carrying out the scan to discuss the results with you soon after it’s finished.
However, the images from the scan will usually need to be analysed before the results are sent to the doctor who requested the test. Your doctor will then discuss the results with you during your next appointment.
Are there any risks or side effects?
A standard echocardiogram is a simple, painless, safe procedure. There are no side effects from the scan, although the lubricating gel may feel cold and you may experience some minor discomfort when the electrodes are removed from your skin at the end of the test.
Unlike some other tests and scans, such as X-rays and CT scans, no radiation is used during an echocardiogram. However, there are some risks associated with the less common types of echocardiogram.
You may find the TOE procedure uncomfortable and your throat may feel sore for a few hours afterwards. If you have a sedative, you will not be able to drive for 24 hours after the test as you may still feel drowsy from the sedative. There’s also a small chance of the probe damaging your throat.
During a stress echocardiogram, you may feel sick and dizzy, and you may experience some chest pain. There’s also a small chance of the procedure triggering an irregular heartbeat or heart attack, but you’ll be monitored carefully during the test and it will be stopped if there are signs of any problems.
Some people with certain conditions, or who take certain medicines, cannot have the contrast agent used during a contrast echocardiogram. It can cause side effects, but they’re usually mild, such as headache. In rare cases, a serious allergic reaction can occur.
Page last reviewed: 28 March 2022
Next review due: 28 March 2025
echo
echo (от англ. echo — эхо) — команда Unix, предназначенная для отображения строки текста. Команда echo — выводит текст (выводит текст на стандартное устройство вывода).
Синтаксис
echo [ПАРАМЕТР]. [СТРОКА].
Параметры
| -n | не выводить в конце символ новой строки (По умолчанию echo добавляет к выводу символ перевода строки (LF) ) |
| -e | включить интерпретацию управляющих символов |
| -E | отключить интерпретацию управляющих символов |
| —help | выдает краткую справку и заканчивает работу (только с одним этим параметром) |
| —version | выдает информацию о версии и заканчивает работу (только с одним этим параметром) |
Если включена интерпретация управляющих символов, можно использовать следующие последовательности:
| \b | Символ «забоя» |
| \c | Не выдавать в конце символ перевода строки |
| \f | Переход к новой странице |
| \n | Перевод строки |
| \r | Возврат каретки |
| \t | Табуляция |
| \v | Вертикальная табуляция |
| \\ | Символ \ |
| \0n | n — восьмеричный ASCII-код 8-битного символа |
Примеры
$ echo wikipedia wikipedia
Может служить для записи строки в файл, если используется «>», то файл будет перезаписан, если «>>», то строка «string» будет дописана в конец файла.
$ echo "string" > filename $ cat filename string
Может вывести список файлов в текущей директории.
$ echo * foo bar filename $ echo .,>* .profile .bashrc foo bar filename
Полная документация по echo поддерживается в виде руководства в формате Texinfo. Если программы info и echo установлены и настроены в системе, то по команде info echo вы получите доступ к более полному руководству.
Список команд DOS • Список команд операционных систем Miscrosoft
- Командная строка MS-DOS/Windows
- Утилиты UNIX
Wikimedia Foundation . 2010 .
Полезное
Смотреть что такое «echo» в других словарях:
- écho — écho … Dictionnaire des rimes
- Echo — Echo … Deutsch Wörterbuch
- écho — [ eko ] n. m. • XIIIe; lat. echo, gr. êkhô 1 ♦ Phénomène de réflexion du son par un obstacle qui le répercute; le son ainsi répété. Effet d écho. Il y a de l écho dans cette église. ⇒ réverbération. Écho simple, qui ne reproduit les sons qu une… … Encyclopédie Universelle
- Echo — Écho Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Pour les articles homophones, voir écot et eco … Wikipédia en Français
- Echo 1 — (eigentlich Echo 1A) ist der Name eines großen Ballonsatelliten der USA, der am 12. August 1960 als erster Nachrichten und geodätischer Satellit gestartet wurde. Seine internationale COSPAR Nummer war 60 009 01 (9. Start des Jahres … Deutsch Wikipedia
- Echo 1A — Echo 1 Echo 1 (eigentlich Echo 1A) ist der Name eines großen Ballonsatelliten der USA, der am 12. August 1960 als erster Nachrichten und geodätischer Satellit gestartet wurde. Seine internationale COSPAR Nummer war 60 009 01 (9. Start des Jahres… … Deutsch Wikipedia
- Echo — Ech o ([e^]k [ o]), n.; pl. ([e^]k [=o]z). [L. echo, Gr. hchw echo, sound, akin to hchh , h^chos, sound, noise; cf. Skr. v[=a][,c] to sound, bellow; perh. akin to E. voice: cf. F. [ e]cho.] 1. A sound reflected from an opposing surface… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- Echo — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Echo puede referirse a: Echo (computación), un concepto informático. Toyota Echo, un modelo de automóvil de la marca Toyota. ECHO (premio), un premio musical. Echo and the Bunnymen, un grupo musical británico. Echo… … Wikipedia Español
- ECHO — ECHO хеш функция, выдвинутая как кандидат на конкурс SHA 3, проводимый Национальным институтом стандартов и технологий (США). Алгоритм разработан в Orange Labs, его авторы: Ryad Benadjila Olivier Billet Henri Gilbert Gilles Macario Rat… … Википедия
- écho — ÉCHO. s. m. (Prononcez Éco.) Les Poëtes ont feint une Nymphe de ce nom, fille de l Air, qui étant devenue amoureuse de Narcisse, dont elle ne put se faire aimer, fut métamorphosée en rocher, et ne conserva que la voix. Ce mot est féminin en ce… … Dictionnaire de l’Académie Française 1798
- Обратная связь: Техподдержка, Реклама на сайте
- �� Путешествия
Экспорт словарей на сайты, сделанные на PHP,
WordPress, MODx.
- Пометить текст и поделитьсяИскать в этом же словареИскать синонимы
- Искать во всех словарях
- Искать в переводах
- Искать в ИнтернетеИскать в этой же категории
What is the Alexa Skills Kit?
The Alexa Skills Kit (ASK) is a software development framework that enables you to create content, called skills. Skills are like apps for Alexa. With an interactive voice interface, Alexa gives users a hands-free way to interact with your skill. Users can use their voice to perform everyday tasks like checking the news, listening to music, or playing a game. Users can also use their voice to control cloud-connected devices. For example, users can ask Alexa to turn on lights or change the thermostat. Skills are available on Alexa-enabled devices, such as Amazon Echo and Amazon Fire TV, and on Alexa-enabled devices built by other manufacturers.
How does a user access skill content?
A user accesses content in a skill by asking Alexa to invoke the skill. Alexa is always ready to invoke new skills. When a user says the wake word, «Alexa,» and speaks to an Alexa-enabled device, the device streams the speech to the Alexa service in the cloud. Alexa recognizes the speech, determines what the user wants, and then sends a request to invoke the skill that can fulfill the request. The Alexa service handles the speech recognition and natural language processing. Your skill runs as a service on a cloud platform. Alexa communicates with your skill by using a request-response mechanism over the HTTPS interface. When a user invokes an Alexa skill, your skill receives a POST request containing a JSON body. The request body contains the parameters necessary for your skill to understand the request, perform its logic, and then generate a response.
The following diagram shows the voice-activated processing flow to invoke a skill with the Alexa service.
In addition to voice interaction, skills might include complementary visuals and touch interactions.
How does a user interact with a skill?
Every Alexa skill has a voice interaction model that defines the words and phrases users can say to make the skill do what they want. This model determines how users communicate with and control your skill. A voice user interface is similar to a graphical user interface in a traditional app. Instead of clicking buttons and selecting options from dialog boxes, users make their requests and respond to questions by voice. Often, the voice interaction is of a much shorter duration than interaction with an app. When a user asks questions and makes requests, Alexa employs the interaction model to interpret and translate the words into a specific request to the identified skill.
The following table compares a voice user interface skill with a graphical user interface app for making airline reservations.
| Action | Voice user interface | Typical graphical user interface |
|---|---|---|
| Make a request | User says, «Alexa, I want to fly to Denver from Seattle.» | User clicks on the app, and then selects the origination and destination airports. User scrolls through the list of airports to find Seattle, and then scrolls to find Denver. |
| Collect more information from the user | Alexa replies, «When would you like to travel?» and then waits for a reply. | App displays a calendar, and then waits for the user to select a date. |
| Provide needed information | User replies, «February first.» The skill makes the reservation and waits for confirmation. | User opens the calendar, selects February 1, and then chooses OK. User clicks a button to complete the request, and then waits for confirmation. |
| Request complete | Alexa replies, «Your reservation from Seattle to Denver on Monday, February first is all set.» | App displays the result of the request. The user closes the app. |
Alexa supports two types of voice interaction models:
- Pre-built voice interaction model – In this model, ASK defines the set of words users say to invoke a skill. For example, a user can say, «Alexa, turn on the light.» or «Alexa, turn off the television.» You simply define your skill to accept these predefined requests.
- Custom voice interaction model – The custom model gives you the most flexibility, but is the most complex. You design the entire voice interaction. With the custom model, you typically must define every way a user might communicate the same request to your skill. For example, «Alexa, plan a trip from Seattle to Denver,» «Alexa, I want to go on a trip to Denver from Seattle,» and «Alexa, plan a trip to Denver.»
With either type of voice interaction model, you develop your skill to receive voice requests, process the request, and respond appropriately. All skills use natural, voice-first interactions that adapt to the ways a user might express meaning through speech. For more details, see About Voice Interaction Models.
What types of skills can you develop?
The functionality you want to implement determines how your skill integrates with the Alexa service and what code you develop. Your skill idea might fit one of the Alexa pre-built voice interaction models, or your idea might require that you design your own custom voice interaction model. You can develop game skills, music skills, smart home skills, and many other skill types. For a complete list, see Index of Skill Types.
Skill development workflow
After you know what type of skill you want to develop, familiarize yourself with Alexa skill development terminology. For details, see the Glossary.
Follow the Alexa skill development workflow to create your skill.
To develop any type of Alexa skill, you need an Amazon developer account. You can use an existing Amazon account to sign in, or you can create a new Amazon developer account.
Design your skill
Design your Alexa skills to be natural, user-centric, and accompanied by complementary visual design. You can design and test your custom voice interaction model before you develop your custom skill. For details about skill design, see Design Your Skill.
Build your skill
Build a skill that can accept requests from the Alexa service and send back the appropriate responses based on the skill type and voice interaction model. For details about skill development for each model, see Build Your Skill.
To build a skill by using one of the pre-built voice interaction models, you need the following resources:
- An Internet-accessible endpoint for hosting your cloud-based service. Provision your skill on Amazon Web Services (AWS) Lambda using your personal AWS resources. You need an AWS account in addition to your Amazon developer account. Most skill types that use the pre-built voice interaction model must use AWS Lambda.
- A development environment appropriate for the programming language you plan to use to code your skill. You can author a Lambda function in Node.js, Java, Python, C#, Go, Ruby, or PowerShell.
To build a skill with a custom voice interaction model, you need:
- An Internet-accessible endpoint for hosting your cloud-based service. ASK provides the Alexa-hosted option for custom skills to build, store, and host your skill and skill resources on AWS. Use this option to get started building skills quickly. Another option is to provision your own backend resources on AWS. You can host your skill as an AWS Lambda function by using your personal AWS resources. Or, you can build and host your custom skill as an HTTPS web service.
- A development environment appropriate for the programming language you plan to use to code your skill. You can author a Lambda function in Node.js, Java, Python, C#, Go, Ruby, or PowerShell. You can author a web service in any language appropriate for web services. If you choose the Alexa-hosted skill option, you write your code in Node.js and Python.
Test your skill
During skill development, you can test your skill without a device by using the Alexa simulator in the developer console or in Visual Studio Code. Before you submit your skill for certification, follow the recommendations in the testing guides for your skill type. Before you publish your skill, you have the option to make your skill available to a limited group of testers for beta testing. For details about testing, see Test Your Skill.
Certify and publish your skill
Before you can publish your skill in the Amazon Alexa Skills Store, Amazon must certify the skill to make sure it meets quality, security, and policy guidelines. For details about certifying and publishing your skill, see Certify and Publish Your Skill.
Monitor your skill and metrics
After you publish your skill, you can monitor your live skill for usage, run analytics, and view payments and earnings in the developer console. If you find problems with your live skill, you can rollback to a previous live version. For details, see Monitor Your Skill and Metrics.
What’s in ASK?
ASK includes APIs, tools, code samples, and technical documentation to create and manage skills throughout their lifecycle. These libraries, tools, and training materials can help you successfully develop and publish an Alexa skill. For more details, see Tools to Create and Manage Skills.
Development software and tools
ASK provides multiple options to support the development lifecycle, including the Alexa developer console, the Alexa extension for Visual Studio Code, and the ASK Command Line Interface (CLI). The ASK Software Development Kits (SDKs) include development tools and libraries that give you access to Alexa features. These SDKs are available in Node.js, Java, and Python. Alternatively, you can develop your skill in any language and accept requests from and send responses to the Alexa service.
Testing tools
ASK includes tools to test your skill. The Alexa skill simulator, the Alexa app, and the ASK Command Line Interface (CLI) are available to test your skill logic and voice interactions. You can also troubleshoot speech recognition and natural language processing by using the evaluation tools included with the Alexa developer console.
Help with skill certification
Before you can publish your skill for public use, your skill must pass certification testing. ASK provides guidelines and tools to certify and publish skills.
Skill monitoring tools
ASK includes tools to manage and monitor live skills, including the ability to run analytics. If you implement in-skill purchasing, you can view and manage your payments and earnings.
Design techniques for custom skills
ASK includes an Alexa Design Guide for best practices to follow when you design a custom voice interaction model, design the purchase flow for in-skill purchasing, and add visuals to your skill. ASK also provides a library of built-in intents for common utterances.
Tutorials and sample code
ASK includes a complete set of technical documentation, tutorials, and sample code to jump start the skill development process. For links to these resources, see Build Your Skill/Additional Resources.
Related topics
- If you want to integrate Alexa directly into your product, consider the Alexa Voice Service (AVS).
- If you want Alexa to control your device, but don’t want to develop a skill, consider the Alexa Connect Kit (ACK).
- To deploy and manage Alexa-enabled devices at scale, in properties such as hotels, apartments, and senior living, consider Alexa Smart Properties.
Умная акустическая система Amazon Echo Dot
Amazon Echo Dot – это умная акустическая система с поддержкой Alexa. Echo Dot можно использовать как устройство громкой связи, с её помощью легко управлять устройствами умного дома, планировать свой день, слушать музыку и аудиокниги, а также созваниваться с другими пользователями Amazon Alexa и устройств Echo через интернет. В отличие от других акустических систем Amazon, данная модель оснащена небольшим динамиком и предназначена для работы с внешними колонками. К Echo Dot можно подключить внешние динамики (либо наушники) через аудиоразъем 3,5 мм, по Bluetooth или Wi-Fi. Amazon Echo Dot обладает целым массивом микрофонов, так что она слышит голос пользователя даже через громкую музыку. При этом Alexa способна запоминать голос хозяина и распознавать его среди голосов других людей.
Дизайн
Amazon Echo Dot очень компактна. Колонку диаметром 8,4 см и толщиной 3,2 см можно разместить на столе, журнальном столике, прикроватной тумбочке или даже полке. По форме устройство напоминает хоккейную шайбу. Корпус выполнен из черного пластика. На верхней панели расположены кнопки управления: включение колонки, включение/выключение микрофонов, а также регулировки звука. Динамик расположен в центре. Панель управления окружает решетчатое кольцо, за которым спрятаны микрофоны, а затем кольцо светодиодной подсветки синего цвета. Сбоку на гаджете есть логотип Amazon и разъемы: microUSB для кабеля питания и 3,5 мм для подключения внешнего динамика. Аудиокабель не входит в комплект поставки и приобретается отдельно.
Как это работает?
Чтобы подключить акустическую систему к смартфону, установите на мобильное устройство приложение Amazon Alexa. Браузерная версия приложения позволяет подключить колонку к ПК или ноутбуку. С приложением Echo Dot синхронизируется через домашнюю сеть Wi-Fi.
Amazon Echo Dot предназначена для совместной работы с внешними динамиками, так что свой динамик у неё достаточно маленький. Однако через него также можно общаться по громкой связи, слушать музыку, аудиокниги, новости, прогноз погоды и другой контент и даже вызывать такси. Установите музыкальный будильник – и в нужное время акустическая система разбудит вас приятной мелодией.
Встроенный голосовой помощник Alexa позволяет выбирать любимую музыку среди тысяч треков: просто скажите «Алекса, включи джаз» – и наслаждайтесь композициями выбранного жанра. Помимо жанра можно задавать и другие параметры поиска: название трека и исполнителя. Источниками музыки для колонки служат онлайн-сервисы Amazon Music, Spotify, Pandora, iHeartRadio и TuneIn.
Подключение к внешним динамикам производится тремя способами: через стерео разъем 3,5 мм, по Bluetooth или Wi-Fi. Встроенные в Echo Dot микрофоны позволяют не только давать команды голосовому помощнику, но и созваниваться с друзьями и близкими, у которых также есть устройства Amazon Echo. Производители позаботились о конфиденциальности: микрофоны, встроенные в гаджет, активируются только после слова «Алекса». В случае, если у вы объединили несколько колонок Echo и разместили их в разных комнатах, вам ответит та, которая находится ближе всего. Умная акустическая система Echo Dot позволяет всегда оставаться на связи с близкими. С её помощью можно звонить через интернет друзьям при условии, что у них также есть устройство Echo либо установлена Amazon Alexa. Пользователи Android могут синхронизировать колонку с телефонной книгой смартфона и таким образом отправлять SMS-сообщения своим контактам (сообщения будут отправляться через мобильное устройство).
Amazon Echo Dot является домашним помощником, который упрощает взаимодействие с устройствами умного дома. С помощью колонки и голосового помощника можно контролировать освещение, вентиляторы, замки и ворота и другие гаджеты, объединенные в экосистему Amazon Alexa. Просто скажите «Алекса, включи свет» или «Алекса, подними температуру в комнате». В число поддерживаемых устройств входят гаджеты от WeMo, Philips Hue, Sony, Samsung SmartThings, Nest и другие.