Python launcher что это

Для чего нужен Python Launcher?

Всем привет! При установке python3, увидел рядом с IDLE,
Python Launcher. Для чего он предназначен?

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  PEP 397 – Python launcher for Windows

  This PEP describes a Python launcher for the Windows platform. A Python launcher is a single executable which uses a number of heuristics to locate a Python executable and launch it with a specified command line.

  Rationale

  Windows provides “file associations” so an executable can be associated with an extension, allowing for scripts to be executed directly in some contexts (eg., double-clicking the file in Windows Explorer.) Until now, a strategy of “last installed Python wins” has been used and while not ideal, has generally been workable due to the conservative changes in Python 2.x releases. As Python 3.x scripts are often syntactically incompatible with Python 2.x scripts, a different strategy must be used to allow files with a ‘.py’ extension to use a different executable based on the Python version the script targets. This will be done by borrowing the existing practices of another operating system — scripts will be able to nominate the version of Python they need by way of a “shebang” line, as described below.

  Unix-like operating systems (referred to simply as “Unix” in this PEP) allow scripts to be executed as if they were executable images by examining the script for a “shebang” line which specifies the actual executable to be used to run the script. This is described in detail in the evecve(2) man page [1] and while user documentation will be created for this feature, for the purposes of this PEP that man page describes a valid shebang line.

  Additionally, these operating systems provide symbolic-links to Python executables in well-known directories. For example, many systems will have a link /usr/bin/python which references a particular version of Python installed under the operating-system. These symbolic links allow Python to be executed without regard for where Python it actually installed on the machine (eg., without requiring the path where Python is actually installed to be referenced in the shebang line or in the PATH .) PEP 394 ‘The “python” command on Unix-Like Systems’ describes additional conventions for more fine-grained specification of a particular Python version.

  These 2 facilities combined allow for a portable and somewhat predictable way of both starting Python interactively and for allowing Python scripts to execute. This PEP describes an implementation of a launcher which can offer the same benefits for Python on the Windows platform and therefore allows the launcher to be the executable associated with ‘.py’ files to support multiple Python versions concurrently.

  While this PEP offers the ability to use a shebang line which should work on both Windows and Unix, this is not the primary motivation for this PEP — the primary motivation is to allow a specific version to be specified without inventing new syntax or conventions to describe it.

  Specification

  This PEP specifies features of the launcher; a prototype implementation is provided in [3] which will be distributed together with the Windows installer of Python, but will also be available separately (but released along with the Python installer). New features may be added to the launcher as long as the features prescribed here continue to work.

  Installation

  The launcher comes in 2 versions — one which is a console program and one which is a “windows” (ie., GUI) program. These 2 launchers correspond to the ‘python.exe’ and ‘pythonw.exe’ executables which currently ship with Python. The console launcher will be named ‘py.exe’ and the Windows one named ‘pyw.exe’. The “windows” (ie., GUI) version of the launcher will attempt to locate and launch pythonw.exe even if a virtual shebang line nominates simply “python” — in fact, the trailing ‘w’ notation is not supported in the virtual shebang line at all.

  The launcher is installed into the Windows directory (see discussion below) if installed by a privileged user. The stand-alone installer asks for an alternative location of the installer, and adds that location to the user’s PATH .

  The installation in the Windows directory is a 32-bit executable (see discussion); the standalone installer may also offer to install 64-bit versions of the launcher.

  The launcher installation is registered in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\CurrentVersion\SharedDLLs with a reference counter. It contains a version resource matching the version number of the pythonXY.dll with which it is distributed. Independent installations will overwrite older version of the launcher with newer versions. Stand-alone releases use a release level of 0x10 in FIELD3 of the CPython release on which they are based.

  Once installed, the “console” version of the launcher is associated with .py files and the “windows” version associated with .pyw files.

  The launcher is not tied to a specific version of Python — eg., a launcher distributed with Python 3.3 should be capable of locating and executing any Python 2.x and Python 3.x version. However, the launcher binaries have a version resource that is the same as the version resource in the Python binaries that they are released with.

  Python Script Launching

  The launcher is restricted to launching Python scripts. It is not intended as a general-purpose script launcher or shebang processor.

  The launcher supports the syntax of shebang lines as described in [1], including all restrictions listed.

  The launcher supports shebang lines referring to Python executables with any of the (regex) prefixes “/usr/bin/”, “/usr/local/bin” and “/usr/bin/env *”, as well as binaries specified without

  For example, a shebang line of ‘#! /usr/bin/python’ should work even though there is unlikely to be an executable in the relative Windows directory “\usr\bin”. This means that many scripts can use a single shebang line and be likely to work on both Unix and Windows without modification.

  The launcher will support fully-qualified paths to executables. While this will make the script inherently non-portable, it is a feature offered by Unix and would be useful for Windows users in some cases.

  The launcher will be capable of supporting implementations other than CPython, such as jython and IronPython, but given both the absence of common links on Unix (such as “/usr/bin/jython”) and the inability for the launcher to automatically locate the installation location of these implementations on Windows, the launcher will support this via customization options. Scripts taking advantage of this will not be portable (as these customization options must be set to reflect the configuration of the machine on which the launcher is running) but this ability is nonetheless considered worthwhile.

  On Unix, the user can control which specific version of Python is used by adjusting the links in /usr/bin to point to the desired version. As the launcher on Windows will not use Windows links, customization options (exposed via both environment variables and INI files) will be used to override the semantics for determining what version of Python will be used. For example, while a shebang line of “/usr/bin/python2” will automatically locate a Python 2.x implementation, an environment variable can override exactly which Python 2.x implementation will be chosen. Similarly for “/usr/bin/python” and “/usr/bin/python3”. This is specified in detail later in this PEP.

  Shebang line parsing

  If the first command-line argument does not start with a dash (‘-‘) character, an attempt will be made to open that argument as a file and parsed for a shebang line according to the rules in [1]:

  #! interpreter [optional-arg] 

  Once parsed, the command will be categorized according to the following rules:

  • If the command starts with the definition of a customized command followed by a whitespace character (including a newline), the customized command will be used. See below for a description of customized commands.
  • The launcher will define a set of prefixes which are considered Unix compatible commands to launch Python, namely “/usr/bin/python”, “/usr/local/bin/python”, “/usr/bin/env python”, and “python”. If a command starts with one of these strings will be treated as a ‘virtual command’ and the rules described in Python Version Qualifiers (below) will be used to locate the executable to use.
  • Otherwise the command is assumed to be directly ready to execute — ie. a fully-qualified path (or a reference to an executable on the PATH ) optionally followed by arguments. The contents of the string will not be parsed — it will be passed directly to the Windows CreateProcess function after appending the name of the script and the launcher command-line arguments. This means that the rules used by CreateProcess will be used, including how relative path names and executable references without extensions are treated. Notably, the Windows command processor will not be used, so special rules used by the command processor (such as automatic appending of extensions other than ‘.exe’, support for batch files, etc) will not be used.

  The use of ‘virtual’ shebang lines is encouraged as this should allow for portable shebang lines to be specified which work on multiple operating systems and different installations of the same operating system.

  If the first argument can not be opened as a file or if no valid shebang line can be found, the launcher will act as if a shebang line of ‘#!python’ was found — ie., a default Python interpreter will be located and the arguments passed to that. However, if a valid shebang line is found but the process specified by that line can not be started, the default interpreter will not be started — the error to create the specified child process will cause the launcher to display an appropriate message and terminate with a specific exit code.

  Configuration file

  Two .ini files will be searched by the launcher — py.ini in the current user’s “application data” directory (i.e. the directory returned by calling the Windows function SHGetFolderPath with CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA , %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local on Vista+, %USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data on XP) and py.ini in the same directory as the launcher. The same .ini files are used for both the ‘console’ version of the launcher (i.e. py.exe) and for the ‘windows’ version (i.e. pyw.exe)

  Customization specified in the “application directory” will have precedence over the one next to the executable, so a user, who may not have write access to the .ini file next to the launcher, can override commands in that global .ini file)

  Virtual commands in shebang lines

  Virtual Commands are shebang lines which start with strings which would be expected to work on Unix platforms — examples include ‘/usr/bin/python’, ‘/usr/bin/env python’ and ‘python’. Optionally, the virtual command may be suffixed with a version qualifier (see below), such as ‘/usr/bin/python2’ or ‘/usr/bin/python3.2’. The command executed is based on the rules described in Python Version Qualifiers below.

  Customized Commands

  The launcher will support the ability to define “Customized Commands” in a Windows .ini file (ie, a file which can be parsed by the Windows function GetPrivateProfileString). A section called ‘[commands]’ can be created with key names defining the virtual command and the value specifying the actual command-line to be used for this virtual command.

  For example, if an INI file has the contents:

  [commands] vpython=c:\bin\vpython.exe -foo 

  Then a shebang line of ‘#! vpython’ in a script named ‘doit.py’ will result in the launcher using the command-line c:\bin\vpython.exe -foo doit.py

  The precise details about the names, locations and search order of the .ini files is in the launcher documentation [4]

  Python Version Qualifiers

  Some of the features described allow an optional Python version qualifier to be used.

  A version qualifier starts with a major version number and can optionally be followed by a period (‘.’) and a minor version specifier. If the minor qualifier is specified, it may optionally be followed by “-32” to indicate the 32bit implementation of that version be used. Note that no “-64” qualifier is necessary as this is the default implementation (see below).

  On 64bit Windows with both 32bit and 64bit implementations of the same (major.minor) Python version installed, the 64bit version will always be preferred. This will be true for both 32bit and 64bit implementations of the launcher — a 32bit launcher will prefer to execute a 64bit Python installation of the specified version if available. This is so the behavior of the launcher can be predicted knowing only what versions are installed on the PC and without regard to the order in which they were installed (ie, without knowing whether a 32 or 64bit version of Python and corresponding launcher was installed last). As noted above, an optional “-32” suffix can be used on a version specifier to change this behaviour.

  If no version qualifiers are found in a command, the environment variable PY_PYTHON can be set to specify the default version qualifier — the default value is “2”. Note this value could specify just a major version (e.g. “2”) or a major.minor qualifier (e.g. “2.6”), or even major.minor-32.

  If no minor version qualifiers are found, the environment variable PY_PYTHON (where is the current major version qualifier as determined above) can be set to specify the full version. If no such option is found, the launcher will enumerate the installed Python versions and use the latest minor release found for the major version, which is likely, although not guaranteed, to be the most recently installed version in that family.

  In addition to environment variables, the same settings can be configured in the .INI file used by the launcher. The section in the INI file is called [defaults] and the key name will be the same as the environment variables without the leading PY_ prefix (and note that the key names in the INI file are case insensitive.) The contents of an environment variable will override things specified in the INI file.

  Command-line handling

  Only the first command-line argument will be checked for a shebang line and only if that argument does not start with a ‘-‘.

  If the only command-line argument is “-h” or “–help”, the launcher will print a small banner and command-line usage, then pass the argument to the default Python. This will cause help for the launcher being printed followed by help for Python itself. The output from the launcher will clearly indicate the extended help information is coming from the launcher and not Python.

  As a concession to interactively launching Python, the launcher will support the first command-line argument optionally being a dash (“-“) followed by a version qualifier, as described above, to nominate a specific version be used. For example, while “py.exe” may locate and launch the latest Python 2.x implementation installed, a command-line such as “py.exe -3” could specify the latest Python 3.x implementation be launched, while “py.exe -2.6-32” could specify a 32bit implementation Python 2.6 be located and launched. If a Python 2.x implementation is desired to be launched with the -3 flag, the command-line would need to be similar to “py.exe -2 -3” (or the specific version of Python could obviously be launched manually without use of this launcher.) Note that this feature can not be used with shebang processing as the file scanned for a shebang line and this argument must both be the first argument and therefore are mutually exclusive.

  All other arguments will be passed untouched to the child Python process.

  Process Launching

  The launcher offers some conveniences for Python developers working interactively — for example, starting the launcher with no command-line arguments will launch the default Python with no command-line arguments. Further, command-line arguments will be supported to allow a specific Python version to be launched interactively — however, these conveniences must not detract from the primary purpose of launching scripts and must be easy to avoid if desired.

  The launcher creates a subprocess to start the actual interpreter. See Discussion below for the rationale.

  Discussion

  It may be surprising that the launcher is installed into the Windows directory, and not the System32 directory. The reason is that the System32 directory is not on the Path of a 32-bit process running on a 64-bit system. However, the Windows directory is always on the path.

  The launcher that is installed into the Windows directory is a 32-bit executable so that the 32-bit CPython installer can provide the same binary for both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows installations.

  Ideally, the launcher process would execute Python directly inside the same process, primarily so the parent of the launcher process could terminate the launcher and have the Python interpreter terminate. If the launcher executes Python as a sub-process and the parent of the launcher terminates the launcher, the Python process will be unaffected.

  However, there are a number of practical problems associated with this approach. Windows does not support the execv* family of Unix functions, so this could only be done by the launcher dynamically loading the Python DLL, but this would have a number of side-effects. The most serious side effect of this is that the value of sys.executable would refer to the launcher instead of the Python implementation. Many Python scripts use the value of sys.executable to launch child processes, and these scripts may fail to work as expected if the launcher is used. Consider a “parent” script with a shebang line of ‘#! /usr/bin/python3’ which attempts to launch a child script (with no shebang) via sys.executable — currently the child is launched using the exact same version running the parent script. If sys.executable referred to the launcher the child would be likely executed using a Python 2.x version and would be likely to fail with a SyntaxError .

  Another hurdle is the support for alternative Python implementations using the “customized commands” feature described above, where loading the command dynamically into a running executable is not possible.

  The final hurdle is the rules above regarding 64bit and 32bit programs — a 32bit launcher would be unable to load the 64bit version of Python and vice-versa.

  Given these considerations, the launcher will execute its command in a child process, remaining alive while the child process is executing, then terminate with the same exit code as returned by the child. To address concerns regarding the termination of the launcher not killing the child, the Win32 Job API will be used to arrange so that the child process is automatically killed when the parent is terminated (although children of that child process will continue as is the case now.) As this Windows API is available in Windows XP and later, this launcher will not work on Windows 2000 or earlier.

  References

  Copyright

  This document has been placed in the public domain.

  Что такое python launcher? Установился вместе с Python

  Задаю вопрос в гугле он мне нормальные результаты давать не хочет, мб кто-нибудь знает что это?

  Голосование за лучший ответ

  Нормально всё гугл выдаёт: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0397/

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  Introducing the Python Launcher for Unix

  Let’s say you have more than one version of Python installed on your machine. What version does python3 point to? If you said, «the newest version», you may actually be wrong. That’s because python3 points at the last version of Python you installed, not necessarily the newest; python3 typically gets overwritten every time you install some version of Python.

  This is a bit annoying when you simply want to work with the newest version of Python (e.g., creating a new virtual environment). It would be convenient if there was a command which just always used the newest version of Python that’s installed .

  The solution

  It turns out the Python installation of Windows came up with a solution to this annoyance over a decade ago: the Python Launcher for Windows. Through a command named py , you can get the newest version of Python and a convenient listing of all of the known installs of Python on your Windows machine (it’s also the default way to launch Python from a python.org install on Windows when python3 is left off of PATH , although that’s not the case for the latest PSF Windows Store installs). Being a Windows user at work, I came to find the command rather convenient to have and missed it anytime I did work under macOS or Linux. That felt weird and I decided to do something about that problem.

  And so over 3 years ago I set out to re-implement the Python Launcher for Unix in Rust. On July 24, 2021, I launched 1.0.0 of the Python Launcher for Unix (thanks to Kushal Das and Dusty Phillips for double-checking my Rust code). This gives you a py command on Unix which will always use the newest version of Python. What this means is if you run:

  py -m venv .venv

  you will end up with a virtual environment using the newest version of Python that can be found on $PATH . For this one use alone the command is surprisingly useful. It’s also great when you just want a REPL for the newest version of Python that you have installed.

  You can also set the $PY_PYTHON environment variable to specify the version of Python you want to use by default. For instance, let’s say you installed CPython 3.10.0.rc1, but you want to use Python 3.9 for your day-to-day. You can set PY_PYTHON = 3.9 and that would cause py to use python3.9 .

  You can use py —list to see what Python versions you have installed where.

   3.9 │ /usr/local/bin/python3.9 3.8 │ /usr/local/opt/python@3.8/bin/python3.8 3.7 │ /usr/local/opt/python@3.7/bin/python3.7 2.7 │ /usr/bin/python2.7 

  All of this mirrors what the Python Launcher for Windows does (although the format of the list is different). There are some other things which are also implemented which are not quite as useful these days since Python 2 is behind us (i.e. you can specify restrictions like what major version of Python you want as well as the major.minor version), but if you are coming from Windows then you have most of what you’re used to from the py command (i.e. configuration files are not implemented and I didn’t bother with -0 as an alias for —list ).

  Bonus features

  For my workflow

  Since I was writing this tool for convenience, I decided to push things out a bit and add some niceties to fit my personal workflow a bit better. ��

  For one thing, if you have a virtual environment in a .venv directory either in the current or any parent directory, it will be used instead of the newest version of Python that’s installed. What this means is you don’t need to activate your virtual environment anymore (although the Launcher will use any activated virtual environment as well)!

  py -m venv .venv py -c "import sys; print(sys.executable)"

  I can then continue to use -m to use tools installed into the virtual environment, e.g. py -m pip without issue as well.

  This has a surprising benefit for Starship users like myself. By setting the Python binary used to get the version of Python to py , Starship will tell me what version of Python will be used when I run the Python Launcher. Add in folder detection for .venv and now I have Starship tell me what version the virtual environment is for a directory. The FAQ entry on this topic covers how to update your starship.toml to make this all work.

  I’m also a fish shell user, so I created tab completions for it. The neat thing about them it they are dynamic, so they will be accurate to your machine.

  For others’ workflows

  I have also managed to do some things that help others out based on their workflow.

  As my first serious CLI tool that I created, I decided to create a man page (from a Markdown file thanks to pandoc). I am also taking the changelog a bit more seriously than I usually do, so thanks to scriv and Ned Batchelder for making some changes to the tool to let me automate nearly my entire release process.

  Thanks to Trey Hunner, Jeff Triplett, Ben Spaulding, Carol Willing, and Lorena Mesa being beta testers who happened to be pyenv users, as they contributed a FAQ entry on how to set it up such that the $PY_PYTHON environment variable gets set to what Python version pyenv is set to use.

  I also happen to always be on the verge of giving Nushell a serious try, so I went ahead can came up with a one-liner which creates a table of your Python versions.

  What the Launcher does . in picture form

  To help understand the overall flow that the Python Launcher for Unix takes in choosing which Python interpreter to use, I created a flowchart using Graphviz.

  How to install

  If you’re interested in installing the Python Launcher for Unix, there are a bunch of options which are all covered in the README. I managed to get a formula into Homebrew/Linuxbrew. Bernát Gábor was nice enough to create an Arch AUR package. I have pre-built binaries for:

  1. RISC-V Linux
  2. AArch64 Linux
  3. x86-64 Linux
  4. Apple Silicon
  5. x86-64 macOS
  6. x86-64 NetBSD

  That’s basically every platform that I could easily get going under GitHub Actions or build directly on my macOS machine. And if you have cargo installed from Rust, cargo install python-launcher also works (although you do get the bonus features like the man page and fish tab completions).

  What the Launcher doesn’t do

  One key thing to point out is the Python Launcher for Unix is not meant to be used in every situation where you may want to launch Python. For instance, if you know the path to the Python you want to use then just launch it directly. Same goes for if you have very specific requirements around what Python interpreter to use (e.g. Framework build on macOS or various bitness builds). The Launcher is purely a convenience and not meant to be The Launcher For All Things; this should never end up in a Docker container.

  Otherwise I hope some of you find it useful!

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